4 Easiest Ways to Get the Best College Experience

Male Socialization Essays - Gender Studies, Gender,

Male Socialization While there are many contending speculations encompassing the advancement of sexual orientation jobs, this one reality is incontestable and unavoidable: people are mingled in an unexpected way. There isn't yet enough definitive proof to decide how huge of a job science plays in making the gendered minds, at the same time, while researchers keep on investigating the complexities of nervous system science, we can make inferences about how social mores help with ingraining manliness and womanliness into our way of life. The accompanying pages will investigate how U.S. culture influences the socialization of its guys. The male newborn child conceived in the United States of America is naturally introduced to an inheritance of manly desires. From pre-mechanical occasions until the 1960's, the ?acceptable supplier? job of fathers overwhelmed family belief system. Albeit all relatives added to resource exercises during pre-mechanical occasions, men gave the predominant wellspring of power inside the family unit. At the point when the economy of the U.S. moved outside of the family during the modern unrest, men's family jobs turned out to be fundamentally worried about monetary help. Because of the idea of this fundamental nonattendance of the dad from his family, children (and little girls) saw their dads' job inside the family to be essentially that of the supplier. While the mother's ?work? was to offer passionate help and sustaining, the dad's ?work? was to give security as accounts. During the 1960's, ladies started to elbow their way into the work power in bigger numbers while men all the while started a retreat from their instrumental job in money related security. This retreat showed itself in two different ways: men either expanded their action in youngster raising and family obligations, or got some distance from those jobs totally. Inside a family unit that has a dad present, a child distinguishes his dad as being similar to himself. On the off chance that, similar to the example with most families living inside the U.S., the dad remains the essential provider of the family, the child disguises that a man is somebody who is relied on for solidness and common sense. On the off chance that, the same number of men have noted of their childhoods, their dad is relationally repressed, at that point young men are instructed that the baffling thing that is manliness is about aloofness, quietness, and an ability to hold up under things out all alone. At the point when a kid is raised separated from any genuine male good examples, he is compelled to go to the men he finds in books, magazines, and film for direction along the way to masculinity. Indeed, even youngsters with father figures in their lives are ambushed by these personifications of manliness. Frequently what young men experience when turning on the TV or flipping through pages of books and magazines is our general public's relationship with ?the solitary shooter.? He is romanticized in all types of media. He is genuinely solid, apathetic, peaceful, standoffish, and distant. He is John Wayne, Ernest Hemingway, and Indiana Jones. This, young men frequently gather, is the thing that genuine masculinity is about, for these are the kind of men that ladies want and other men imitate. At the point when young men arrive at young, they experience further socialization as companion gatherings, just as challenges inside the learning condition. For each one young lady that has ADD, there are six young men with the brokenness. For better control of the class, instructors frequently rebuff raucous conduct while applauding those understudies that have the capacity to sit unobtrusively and tune in. Young men have more trouble with this ?calm time? attitude, just as the language and perusing aptitudes that are centered around at an early age. Therefore, they regularly feel deficient or threatening to the learning condition. The need to ?demonstrate? themself ordinarily brings about commanding conduct. Commanding conduct is connected to review others as a danger, and survey others as a danger prompts enthusiastic detachment. Thus lies the way to male sorrow. Since the time sorrow was marked an infection, society has thought of it essentially as a lady's illness. The basic visual side effects of sorrow include qualities all the more frequently ascribed to ladies, for example, the showing of feelings and letting one's feelings obviously influence one's life. These attributes neutralize our general public's cliché meaning of a man, so we frequently bolster the possibility that a man shouldn't, or even can't get discouraged.

An Overview of Internet Addiction

An Overview of Internet Addiction More in Addiction Addictive Behaviors Internet Caffeine Shopping Sex Alcohol Use Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery In This Article Table of Contents Expand Top 5 Things to Know Symptoms Internet Addiction in Kids What to Do If You're Addicted Internet addiction is a behavioral addiction in which a person becomes dependent on use of the Internet, or other online devices, as a maladaptive way of coping with lifes stresses.?? Internet addiction is becoming widely recognized and acknowledged, particularly in countries where it is affecting large numbers of people, such as South Korea, where it has been declared a national health problem.?? Much of the current research on the subject of Internet addiction has been carried out in Asia. It is also a growing concern in developed nations in North America and Europe. Top 5 Things to Know About Internet Addiction Internet addiction is not yet an officially recognized mental disorder. Researchers have formulated diagnostic criteria for Internet addiction, but it is not included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5).?? However, Internet gaming disorder is included as a condition for further study, and Internet addiction is developing as a specialist area.At least three subtypes of Internet addiction have been identified: video game addiction, cybersex or online sex addiction, and online gambling addiction.??Increasingly, addiction to mobile devices, such as cellphones and smartphones, and addiction to social networking sites, such as Facebook, are being investigated. There may be overlaps between each of these sub-types. For example, online gambling involves online games, and online games may have elements of pornography.Sexting, or sending sexually explicit texts, has landed many people in trouble. Some have been teens who have found themselves in hot water with child pornography charges if they are underage.??Treatment for Internet addiction is available, but only a few specialized Internet addiction services exist. However, a psychologist with knowledge of addiction treatment will probably be able to help. Symptoms As Internet addiction is not formally recognized as an addictive disorder, it may be difficult to get a diagnosis. However, several leading experts in the field of behavioral addiction have contributed to the current knowledge of symptoms of Internet addiction. All types of Internet addiction contain the following four components: Excessive Use of the Internet Despite the agreement that excessive Internet use is a key symptom, no one seems able to define exactly how much computer time counts as excessive. While guidelines suggest no more than two hours of screen time per day, this is unrealistic for people who use computers for work or study. Some authors add the caveat “for non-essential use,” but for an Internet addict, all computer use can feel essential. Here are some questions from Internet addiction assessment instruments that will help you to evaluate how much is too much.?? How often do you: stay online longer than you intended?hear other people in your life complain about how much time you spend online?say or think, “Just a few more minutes” when online?try and fail to cut down on how much time you spend online?hide how long you’ve been online? If any of these situations are coming up on a daily basis, you may be addicted to the Internet. Withdrawal Although originally understood to be the basis of physical dependence on alcohol or drugs, withdrawal symptoms are now being recognized in behavioral addictions, including Internet addiction. Common Internet withdrawal symptoms include anger, tension, and depression when Internet access is not available.?? These symptoms may be perceived as boredom, joylessness, moodiness, nervousness, and irritability when you can’t go on the computer. Tolerance Tolerance is another hallmark of alcohol and drug addiction  and seems to be applicable to Internet addiction as well.?? This can be understood as wantingâ€"and from the users point of view, needingâ€"more and more computer-related stimulation. It can take several forms. You might just want more time on the computer, so it gradually takes over everything you do. Or you might want more technologyâ€"bigger, better or the latest software, hardware or gadgets. Either way, the quest for more is a predominant theme in your thought processes and planning. Negative Repercussions If Internet addiction caused no harm, there would be no problem. But when excessive computer use becomes addictive, something starts to suffer. One negative effect of internet addiction is that you may not have any real personal relationships, or the ones you do have may be neglected or suffer arguments over your Internet use. Online affairs can develop quickly and easily, sometimes without the person even believing online infidelity is cheating on their partner.?? You may see your grades and other achievements suffer from so much of your attention being devoted to Internet use. You may also have little energy for anything other than computer useâ€"Internet addicts are often exhausted from staying up too late on the computer and becoming sleep deprived. Finances can also suffer, particularly if your weakness is for online gambling, online shopping or cybersex.?? How to Deal With Phone Addiction Internet Addiction in Kids Internet addiction is particularly concerning for kids and teens. Children lack the knowledge and awareness to properly manage their own computer use and have no idea about the potential harms that the Internet can open them up to. The majority of kids have access to a computer, and it has become commonplace for kids and teens to carry cellphones. While this may reassure parents that they can have two-way contact with their child in an emergency, there are very real risks that this constant access to the Internet can expose them to. Children have become increasingly exposed to lengthy periods of time connected to the Internet, disconnecting them from the world around them.When online, they have an increased risk of involvement in cyberbullying, both as a victim and as a perpetrator.There is also an increased risk that they will use their cellphone for cybersex, particularly through sexting,?? and accessing apps which could potentially increase the risk of sex addiction and online sexual harms, such as Tinder. In addition, kids are increasingly exposed to peer pressure through their cellphones and may spend extended periods of time playing online games, making them vulnerable to developing video game addiction.?? This can be disruptive to the development of healthy social relationships and can lead to isolation and victimization. Children and teens are advised to have no more than two hours of screen time per day. What to Do If Youre Addicted to the Internet If you recognize the symptoms of Internet addiction in yourself or someone in your care, talk to your doctor about getting help. As well as being able to provide referrals to Internet addiction clinics, psychologists, and other therapists, your doctor can prescribe medications or therapy to treat an underlying problem if you have one, such as depression or social anxiety disorder. Internet addiction can also overlap with other behavioral addictions, such as work addiction, television addiction, and smartphone addiction.?? A Word From Verywell Internet addiction can have devastating effects on individuals, families, and particularly growing children and teens. Getting help may be challenging but can make a huge difference in your quality of life. Are Behavioral Addictions Real?

Religion and theology My Self as a Muslim - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 565 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? Blue eyes stare back at me. Those blue eyes stare and judge the rest of my being. They zoom in on the blemishes that consume my face and make my nose seem more prominent as well as my bushy eyebrows. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Religion and theology : My Self as a Muslim" essay for you Create order Those blue eyes travel down to my lips just to see the lack of them and make their way to my fully rounded cheeks and wish they could just be normal, as they just take a glance at my body and instantly regrets it as they see a plump body form. Those blue eyes gaze around my body trying to find a perfection, but just end up with the same blue eyes staring right back at my eyes. Those blue eyes are mine. This is me. A true and raw form of how I interpret myself. Some may think its because of my hijab, but little do they know thats the only thing I take pride in. Those blue eyes travel up to my head and fill up with pride because that was my choice. And I feel comfortable and not at any point I will revert my decision. This choice has always impacted decisions I make positively, and the much teachings I get interacting with strong men of faith has guided me to become prosperous the way I am. I have always had the ability to air my views with adequate space to make decisions impacting my life as a Muslim, aspect that makes me take the right path in life. This is what many people lack in order to make sure they pursue their dreams. Yet, Muslim caters for my desires and has always provided me with good advice and views to ensure I did not make negative decisions which could impact my life and make me not to attain the potential as I have done today. First, it has made me have humility as my modest opinion in life. With many teachings of Islam emphasizing the importance of remaining humble, it has taught me to always have this value in every decision I make. Been polite to other people has always made everything I want to achieve in life possible. Muslims greatly emphasize about been polite to everyone we meet in life. I have always kept this virtue of life and have always approached people with greater politeness. This has made me get good responses from people and has seen them accept my requests without necessarily contradicting me. Respecting other peoples lives without considering statuses has remained of help in my life. Without this, I anticipate that much I have achieved with interacting while different people could have failed and thus could not have achieved greater success in life. [bookmark: _GoBack] I have always defended my religion and always find pride while people associated me with Muslims in life. Clearly, this is the best religion for me and has inspired me to achieve greater things in life. The warmth I receive in colleagues here has impacted me with a positive image of my life and continually cultivates positive self-esteem propelling me to overcome challenges which without been proud of this religion could not have made my way through. Clearly, as someone who has achieved greatness in life, I have found pride in my religion and myself which I believe will continue helping me to continue soaring even to greater heights in life.

Descartes First Three Meditations And Explain How...

In this essay, I will go over Descartes’ first three meditations and explain how Descartes discovers the foundation of knowledge, I will go over his problems with sensory knowledge, I will evaluate his claims, and I will present my objection to them. Descartes is very well known as the father of skepticism, which is very ironic, considering his main goal was to make a fool proof reason to believe in the existence of God. He wanted to make a case so strong, that if any atheist were to read his meditations, they would immediately believe in God. Little did he know, his readings actually caused much more doubt than certainty, and actually moved many people away from Christianity. This is because he uses doubt as the foundation of knowledge. When Descartes begins in his first meditation, he shows doubt in the things that most of us have never even considered to be inaccurate information. For example, he points out the fact that we could very well be asleep at this exact moment. He says that though it may seem like real life, it could easily be the most vivid dream we have ever experienced. After that he goes on to explain that not only may right now be a dream, but everything we have ever conceived to be real life may be a dream as well. He practically says that for all we know, we could have hit our heads and gone into a coma when we were small children and never even realized it. Or maybe we are already dead and we are reliving our lives in a dream. Descartes also makes usShow MoreRelatedEssay on descartes1223 Words   |  5 Pages Descartes ignored all he believed to be true. He believed that if any belief can be doubted it is not certain, making it unusable as a foundation. Descartes jettisons any information, know ledge, or truths that are based on his senses. He applied the â€Å"Dream Argument,† (19) where he stated that based on the senses alone, there is no definite way of proving that you are dreaming or awake. Therefore, any truths based upon the senses are unreliable and doubtful. Descartes turned to why and how his sensesRead More How Descartes Tries to Extricate Himself from the Skeptical Doubts He Has Raised4647 Words   |  19 PagesHow Descartes Tries to Extricate Himself from the Skeptical Doubts He Has Raised [All page references and quotations from the Meditations are taken from the 1995 Everyman edition] In the Meditations, Descartes embarks upon what Bernard Williams has called the project of Pure Enquiry to discover certain, indubitable foundations for knowledge. By subjecting everything to doubt Descartes hoped to discover whatever was immune to it. In order to best understand how and why DescartesRead MoreAn Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding By David Hume Essay931 Words   |  4 PagesPerfect Doesn’t Exist: Genuine Knowledge Means Shift It has been many years, the foundation of all genuine knowledge, whether they are found on experience (empiricism) or they could simply gain from pure reasoning (rationalism) has been the subject of academic debate among scholars. However, we will only focus on the limitation of pure reasoning, compare both David Hume and Rene Descartes’ views of knowledge, and decide whose belief works better to attain genuine knowledge in this paper. In the bookRead MoreRene Descartes and the Source of Knowledge Essay2139 Words   |  9 Pages DESCARTE: SOURCE OF KNOWLEDGE Rene Descartes, a 17th century French philosopher believed that the origin of knowledge comes from within the mind, a single indisputable fact to build on that can be gained through individual reflection. His Discourse on Method (1637) and Meditations (1641) contain his important philosophical theories. Intending to extend mathematical method to all areas of human knowledge, Descartes discarded the authoritarian systems of the scholastic philosophers and began withRead MoreThe Theory Of The Existence Of God2362 Words   |  10 PagesIn, Meditations Three: Concerning God, That he Exists, Rene Descartes uses innate ideas in his attempt to prove the existence of God. The points formed deal with the allegory of the sun and the stone, explain that God is the only perfect being, explain that God is not a deceiver and finally prove the existence of the external world. In relation to Descartes proof of the existence of God one must understand that for Descartes innate means, having a natural notation of an idea within the mind. WhatRead More The Free Will in Meditations on First Philosophy by Descartes3767 Words   |  16 PagesWill in Meditations on First Philosophy by Descartes I In Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes takes the reader through a methodological exercise in philosophical enquiry. After stripping the intellect of all doubtful and false beliefs, he re-examines the nature and structure of being in an attempt to secure a universally valid epistemology free from skepticism. Hoping for the successful reconciliation of science and theology, Descartes works to reconstruct a new foundation of absoluteRead MoreRene Descartes s Philosophy On The Mind3358 Words   |  14 Pages Introduction to Philosophy October 23, 2014 Renà © Descartes Descartes is one of the most influential and well-known philosophers of all time. The idea he is most famous for is his explanation on the mind. Renà © Descartes is often credited with being the â€Å"Father of Modern Philosophy.† This title is justified due both to his break with the traditional Scholastic-Aristotelian philosophy prevalent at his time and to his development and promotion of the new, mechanistic sciences. He wasRead MoreProposed Seven Philosophers On The Existence Of God And Their Development Of These Ideas1413 Words   |  6 PagesRound Table Essay I would like to introduce seven philosophers that we have discussed in class and focus on three specifically for my choice topic. The seven philosophers are as follows: (1) Socrates, (2) Plato, (3) Aristotle, (4) Francis Bacon, (5) St. Augustine, (6) Thomas Aquinas, and (7) Rene DesCartes. The specific three I want to focus on being; St. Augustine, Thomas Aquinas and Rene Descartes. Lastly, I will proceed to rel ate their ideas on the existence of God and their development of these ideasRead MorePhilosophy 101 Study Guide Essay3857 Words   |  16 Pagesï » ¿STUDY GUIDE FIRST EXAM PHI 101 When: Thursday, the 26th Day of September, 2013, 3:00pm – 4:15pm Where: The same location our class normally meets What to bring: Your ASU Student ID, for when you hand in your exam An Exam book (blue book or green book) available at the bookstore A Scan-tron form (bubble-in forms) available at the bookstore TWO number 2 pencils for filling in the scantron form A blue or black ink pen (optional – pencil ok), for your exam book. I will not haveRead MoreThe Origins of Modern Science Essay2484 Words   |  10 PagesGalileo Galilei (1564-1642), Rene Descartes (1596-1650), and Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727), stand as prime examples of human reason colliding with the ideas of the Catholic Church. Given their continued importance, and the unquestionable impact of these thinkers, we find it important to ask: why were these men and their ideas heretical? The tradition of utilizing human reason to understand both the cosmos and the existence of mankind preceded Galileo, Descartes and Newton. Aristotle (384-322 B.C

A Lost Lady †Essay Free Essays

Set In Sweet Water, In the western plains, where Captain Forrester could comfortably transport â€Å"friends from Omaha or Denver over from the station in his democrat wagon† (5) to his stately home, a story unfolds that pits two worlds against each other–that of an Ideal past and that of the grim present. The narrator assumes the perspective of a third person omniscient, able to provide Insight Into characters’ thoughts and motivations, and centers the novel on Marina Forrester and the men who surround her. Yet what seems to Interest Catcher irately in this work is the conflict between two generations of pioneer men in the West and resulting redefinition of manhood during the lamina period between the late 1 9th and early 20th centuries. We will write a custom essay sample on A Lost Lady – Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Largely, Nile Herbert fascination with Marina Forrester and the men whom she attracts drives the novel, for Nile observes Marina through the years–with an interest that mirrors that of Wintergreen in Henry Sesame’s Daisy Miller. Despite their age difference (he is 12 years old when he first meets Mrs.. Forrester), Nile becomes enthralled with Marina as an image of Victorian mysticism during his youth. She becomes an â€Å"angel of the house,† happily greeting visitors in a disheveled dressing gown, with her hair partially coiffed, or toting baskets of freshly baked cookies to the neighborhood boys playing near the stream on the Forrester grounds. While Nile is still a boy, the Captain assumes the role of a great protector who chooses not to drain his fields for more productive land, but rather magnanimously allows the creek to run through his pasture, because he can afford to and because he admires the beauty of the place. This landscape becomes hemolytic, for when the Captain becomes ill and eventually dies, many changes take place at the homestead. For Catcher, the noble pioneer embodied by the Captain, who appreciates nature and values its beauty, finds replacement in the selfish modern man of Ivy Peters, who sees nature only In terms of resources waiting to be stripped and profits to be made. When Captain Forester’s health weakens, Ivy Peters moves onto Forester’s land and starts to assume his role as the dominant male In the household, replacing the grand, strong figure of the older railroad man. Ivy makes the session to drain the Forrester’ meadowland, Instead planting wheat that will then be harvested and cut down. Catcher writes: â€Å"All the way from Missouri to the mountains this generation of shrewd, young men, trained to petty economies by hard times, would do exactly what Peters had done when he drained the Forrester marsh† (90). Here, Ivy acts as a symbol of a new generation of ruthless â€Å"shrewd young men† who ravage the landscape and strip the feminizes earth of her resources. Yet Ivy will not only dominate the land; the beautiful woman, like the beautiful land, also Decodes a target AT exploration. Marlin Forrester Decodes Immediately Keenan to a bird when Nile returns after being away for two years from the Forrester and the town in which they live. When Nile first greets Marina, he does so by clasping her in his arms while she lay on a hammock, â€Å"like a bird caught in a net† (92). This image of a bird becomes instrumental in Marina’s relationship to Ivy; if Marina is the bird, then is the cruel male who will mutilate her and show her his dominance increasingly. That Catcher would use this image of a bird in reference to Marina, after roving her reader with a dramatic scene of cruelty and abuse when Peters uses a tool from a taxidermy kit to slice the eyes of a female woodpecker he has captured in his hands, while calling her â€Å"Miss Female,† stands as something more than coincidence. When the reader examines Ivy’s treatment of Mrs.. Forrester, one sees that she becomes more and more dependent on him and therefore must tolerate his disrespectful behavior. â€Å"Poison Ivy† will become the scourge that ravages the â€Å"forest† found in Marina Forrest(ere), subtly spreading and taking over her land. A casting image of Marina emerges from the story she tells about how she and Captain Forrester became married. When Marina describes the scene in which she, crippled with two broken legs, is carried out of the ravine by men who took alternate turns in bearing her weight, an image of Captain Forrester holding the broken body of his wife reveals the Captain’s comfort in taking care of a dependent woman. Marina’s dependence does not threaten the Captain but draws them together. Marina submits to Captain Forrester and trusts that he will take care of her, for he represents the idealized image of masculinity that countered the Victorian â€Å"angel of the house† as the strong, dominant provider. After her husband’s death, which leaves her disoriented like the blinded bird, without the Captain to carry her or give her a strong sense of noble masculinity from which to contrast herself, she must redefine her feminine female subject position against a new kind of male. Just as the new, modern male will exploit land and women, so will Marina learn to use her beauty as a commodity, in order to gain financial security within an increasingly commercialism world of men. How to cite A Lost Lady – Essay, Essays

My Home Town free essay sample

Historians, in the absence of facts, construct a mythical history based on speculation and imagination. The history of a city is determined by documentary evidence. Analysis and examination of documents help historians draw a comprehensive picture of a citys past. A city becomes historical only when it contributes to politics, literature, economics, and culture and creates its own soul, which distinguishes it from others. It also assumes significance because of its geographical and strategic location. Throughout the history cities became prominent either because of their political and commercial importance or their cultural and social contribution to society. Cities that emained capitals of an empire or served as administrative centres assumed authoritative and hierarchical character in their development. On the other hand, cities that were centres of trade and commerce developed a homogeneous culture without much political domination and supervision. Residential areas of the cities in the subcontinent were divided on the basis of ethnicity, religion, caste, and linguistic affiliations. We will write a custom essay sample on My Home Town or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There were separate places of worship and centres for social gatherings to keep their religious and ethnic identities, but once they came out from their residential space to the public space such as arkets, gardens, playgrounds, working places, and government offices, they came into contact with one another. Interaction, meeting, exchange of ideas in public space created a sense of belonging to a city, which united and combined its inhabitants interests. That gave people a sense of belonging and thus, they defended their city with a zeal and faced crises and vicissitude of politics with patience. In such a milieu, a city created its traditions, customs, rituals, and festivals, which culminated in the creation of its unique character. Karachi is not an ancient city. And so it has no historical monuments other than nsignificant fishing town that was developed as a port in 1729 by BhoJomal, a Hindu merchant. The city passed through three historical stages. In the early period it remained part of Balochistan and Sindh; in the second stage it was occupied by the British in 1839; and finally in 1947 it became the first capital ofa newly independent Pakistan. In all these stages, the city assumed different and distinct characters. In the first, it remained an insignificant port. During the colonial period it became one of the cleanest cities and developed a culture of tolerance, humanism, and enlightenment. After partition, its entire landscape changed. New immigrants from India brought along with them a new culture. But later when the Pathans, Punjabis, and the Balochis arrived in search of Jobs and economic opportunities, the city became a mint-Pakistan. Bottom line. treat the motorbike with a bit of respect, treat her like youd treat a lady It works. RitzCracker sep 28 2003, 10:27 PM post Auqaab Group: VE Moderators posts: 5,652 joined: 21 -July 02 part-II The history of Karachi during all these stages on the one hand is fascinating, but on the other hand, very sad. I shall attempt to capture the spirit of the city and highlight its main features and characteristics. In 1839, T. G. Carless visited Karachi and submitted his observations to the Government that it was Just a small insignificant town. Due to a lack of sanitation, this small and insignificant town was also a very dirty town. As there was no concept of town planning, the town grew haphazardly. Richard Burton who visited Karachi around 1844 leaves an interesting account of it: Karachi town, when I first became acquainted with it, was much like the Alexandria ass of low hovels, mat and mud, and of tall mud houses with windowless mud walls, flat mud roofs, and many bad-girs or mud ventilators, surrounded by tumble platform of mud covered rock On approaching it, three organs were affected, far more powerfully, however, than pleasantly, viz. , the Ear, the Nose, and the Eye. The former was struck by tomtoming and squeaking of native music; by roaring,bawling, criard voices of the people; by barking and braying of stranger-hating curs, and by screams of hungry gulls fighting over scraps of tainted fish. The drainage, if you could so call it, was managed by vaporation everyone threw before his dwelling what was not wanted inside, while dogs, kites, and crows were the only scavengers; and this odour of carrion was varied, as we approached the bazaars, by a close, faint, dead smell of drugs and spices, such as might be supposed to proceed from newly made Osiris'. After the conquest of Sindh (1843), in 1847 Karachi became part of the Bombay Presidency. The British administration gave particular attention to its development and gradually transformed it from an unknown and sleepy town to a prominent city of the subcontinent. It became a modern and well-planned city. By the time the British conquered Sindh, they had already experienced town planning. In the 19th century Europe, as a result of industrialization and commercial activities, the bourgeoisie developed their city, taking care to provide more space for public utilities and entertainment. That is why, besides administrative buildings such as courts, post-offices, railway stations, town halls, government offices, there were gardens, theatres, galleries, museums, elegant shopping arcades, clubs and cafes, to provide space to citizens to enjoy and relax. For public utilities there were hospitals, educational institutions, libraries, banks, workhouses for the poor and churches. There were wide roads, avenues, and thoroughfares that facilitated transport. A system of sanitation and disposal of waste kept the city clean. A municipality took the administration under a mayor to hold order. Another important feature of the new city structure was its secular character. In the mediaeval cities of Europe, the cathedral used to be in the centre of the city. In the new structure commercial buildings became the centre symbolizing secularism over religion. Based on this experience, the British developed Kolkata, Varanasi and Mumbai. They applied this experience in the development of Karachi as a modern port city too. After the conquest, the pattern of Karachis population had also changed. Once it developed as a port city it attracted business communities from all over India, who came in search of new opportunities to make more money. So arrived the Memons, the Bohras, the Kacchis, the Parss, the KhoJas, the Marwaris, Malabars, and the Goans along with a few Europeans and Jews. Their arrival made the city multi- thnic, multicultural, and multi-religious. culturally and socially, which resulted in a politically homogenized urban culture based on secularism and tolerance. The city became unique offering its own kind of charm. sep 28 2003, 10:28 PM part-Ill The Parsi community played an active role in Karachis development especially during the period of Jamshid NasarvanJi Mehta who served as president of the municipality from 1921 to 1933. The period saw improved sanitation, a regulated supply of water, repaired roads, new gardens, housing schemes, etc. The city, as a result, received a facelift. It became a model of cleanliness. The types of buildings that were built in the modern city showed their commercial, educational, administrative, and recreational values. Commercial interests kept religious and ethnic differences in the background. Trading communities, after earning wealth, instead of hoarding and spending it on their personal comfort and luxury, donated considerable portions to welfare projects. An example of this was the Parsi community. It earned great respect in society by its philanthropic contributions. Social work brought wealthy people in contact with the unfortunate. The theosophical movement led by Anne Besent also influenced some of the leading fgures of the city. Not only human beings but animals too were cared There were societies for animal protection whose office holders were honorary magistrates. It became their duty to keep an eye on the cart and carriage drivers so reprimanded. There were hospitals for old and sick animals. There were also a number of troughs, which the Parsis had built in memory of their ancestors, where cold water for animals was available. The Hindus too maintained gaoshalas (cow shelters) for old animals. All this was part of colonial Karachi. After 1947, as the capital of a new country, Karachi emerged as a new city. New immigrants from all parts of India named their new settlements and residential areas after their ancestral cities and provinces. To name a few, Karachi still has Bihar Colony, Banglore Town, Rajputana Colony, Ajmer Nagri, Aligarh Colony. etc. Similarly, one can see the names of shops as Delhi Hotel, Ambala Sweetmeat, Pilibhit Oil Company, Jaipur Hair Cutting Salon, Agra Shoe Shop, etc. Names of roads were also decolonized. Victoria Road became Abdullah Haroon Road, Napier Road Mir Karam Ali Talpur Road, Nathal Bhai Patel Road Nawab Ismail Khan Road, Lawrence Road Nishtar Road, Elphinston Street Zaibunisa Street, Motilal Nehru Road Jigar Muradabadi Road, Cannaught Road Chaudhary Rahmat Ali Road and so Surprisingly, individuals who were honoured this way did not contribute to the development of Karachi. Most were politicians and not social workers. It was an indication that, in the new setup, politics was more important than social work. It also showed that there was no place for the British or Hindus in the emerging scheme of things. Most statues of the colonial period that graced the city disappeared from the scene. The new immigrants brought strong religious and political prejudices. They adopted the country as their new homeland on the basis of religio-nationalist ideology. Most were either government servants or people in search of new economic opportunities or those who were forced to migrate because of communal riots. Arriving in large swarms, they pushed the old inhabitants of the city into the background. sep 28 2003, 10:29 PM part-IV A strong bureaucracy curtailed the power of the municipality. The commissioner of Karachi ruled like an uncrowned king. Evacuee property was allotted indiscreetly. It changed the whole landscape of the city. Educated and wealthy Hindus left for India. The Parsis relegated their prominent position and retired. The followers of other faiths such as the Sikhs and the Jews disappeared. Karachi was given a new look. Mosques were built throughout the city that asserted the domination of religion over all other aspects of society. Karachi no longer remained a multicultural or multi-religious city. Religious tolerance was taken over by religious fanaticism. Humanism was replaced by rigidity. With the increase in population, the old infrastructure collapsed. However, the MohaJirs or the new immigrants planted a new culture in the city. Urdu became the main language. The tradition of mushaira was revived and popularized in the new cultural milieu. Religious festivals such as Muharram processions and Milad-un-Nabi (PBUH) began to be celebrated with religious fervour. Urdu magazines, newspapers and books started publishing. Some of the great literary fgures such as Josh Malihabadi, Niaz Fatehpuri, Shahid Ahmad Dehlavi and others rejuvenated literary activities. As there were no restrictions, Indian visitors, popular poets and religious scholars visited regularly. These contacts kept a cultural link with India. Ayub Khan, for political reasons, shifted the capital from Karachi to Islamabad. The shifting purged Karachi of the bureaucracy and presence of the ruling class. It now assumed a new identity, which became its commercial and industrial transformation. The process of industrialization started Just after Partition. Setting up of new compelled people from the North-West Frontier Province and Punjab to come to Karachi. The arrival of newcomers slowly changed the population pattern of the city. There emerged new settlements of Pathans and Punjabis. The Pathans came along ith their tribal values and Jirga system and Punjabis with their aggressiveness and enterprise. The MohaJirs resented this intrusion. They felt threatened and resisted identifying with any ethnic group. In 1970, when One Unit was abolished and Karachi became the capital of Sindh, it brought Sindhi administration and politicians to Karachi. So far the Sindhi population of the city was in the background and not in a position to assert its existence. This unnerved the MohaJir community which had for so long enjoyed a socio-economic and cultural monopoly in the city. These feelings, among other factors, ultimately aused the emergence of the MohaJir Qaumi Movement. Moreover, the political development of Pakistan greatly affected the city. The Karachi Corporation became a bureaucratic institution. It no longer remained an elective body, and even when it was, it failed to function to the benefit of the city. Besides, people from other provinces and a large number of Afghans, Bengalis, Burmese, and Iranians arrived in the ? s to settle here illegally. As most of them were unskilled workers and had rural backgrounds, their attitude and behaviour was no match to the culture of the middle-class MohaJirs. The result was ethnic clashes. The culture of mint-India, which was so enthusiastically planted and nurtured was swept away by the new waves of immigration and with the emergence of a mint-Pakistan In spite of all these changes Karachi is identified as a MohaJir city. The rural Sindh by and large has a hostile attitude towards the city as it is seen to have divided the province culturally and ethnically. The communities belonging to other provinces have their own social links with their ancestral home towns and villages. The MohaJirs, after delinking themselves from India, are locked in the city without any hinterland support. Their separate identity is not recognized officially. As a result Karachi has suffered. There is little sense of belonging to the city. Unplanned new high-rise buildings and plazas have disfigured the city-scape. Old buildings and monuments are in a state of dilapidation. There is no interest in preserving these, as all newcomers disown the citys past. Karachi, the tragedy is that the citys past haunts only a few people who have lived in this city of peace, prosperity and homogenized culture from before Partition. But the majority of people here today live without any memories of the past.