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Male Socialization Essays - Gender Studies, Gender,

Male Socialization While there are many contending speculations encompassing the advancement of sexual orientation jobs, this one reality is incontestable and unavoidable: people are mingled in an unexpected way. There isn't yet enough definitive proof to decide how huge of a job science plays in making the gendered minds, at the same time, while researchers keep on investigating the complexities of nervous system science, we can make inferences about how social mores help with ingraining manliness and womanliness into our way of life. The accompanying pages will investigate how U.S. culture influences the socialization of its guys. The male newborn child conceived in the United States of America is naturally introduced to an inheritance of manly desires. From pre-mechanical occasions until the 1960's, the ?acceptable supplier? job of fathers overwhelmed family belief system. Albeit all relatives added to resource exercises during pre-mechanical occasions, men gave the predominant wellspring of power inside the family unit. At the point when the economy of the U.S. moved outside of the family during the modern unrest, men's family jobs turned out to be fundamentally worried about monetary help. Because of the idea of this fundamental nonattendance of the dad from his family, children (and little girls) saw their dads' job inside the family to be essentially that of the supplier. While the mother's ?work? was to offer passionate help and sustaining, the dad's ?work? was to give security as accounts. During the 1960's, ladies started to elbow their way into the work power in bigger numbers while men all the while started a retreat from their instrumental job in money related security. This retreat showed itself in two different ways: men either expanded their action in youngster raising and family obligations, or got some distance from those jobs totally. Inside a family unit that has a dad present, a child distinguishes his dad as being similar to himself. On the off chance that, similar to the example with most families living inside the U.S., the dad remains the essential provider of the family, the child disguises that a man is somebody who is relied on for solidness and common sense. On the off chance that, the same number of men have noted of their childhoods, their dad is relationally repressed, at that point young men are instructed that the baffling thing that is manliness is about aloofness, quietness, and an ability to hold up under things out all alone. At the point when a kid is raised separated from any genuine male good examples, he is compelled to go to the men he finds in books, magazines, and film for direction along the way to masculinity. Indeed, even youngsters with father figures in their lives are ambushed by these personifications of manliness. Frequently what young men experience when turning on the TV or flipping through pages of books and magazines is our general public's relationship with ?the solitary shooter.? He is romanticized in all types of media. He is genuinely solid, apathetic, peaceful, standoffish, and distant. He is John Wayne, Ernest Hemingway, and Indiana Jones. This, young men frequently gather, is the thing that genuine masculinity is about, for these are the kind of men that ladies want and other men imitate. At the point when young men arrive at young, they experience further socialization as companion gatherings, just as challenges inside the learning condition. For each one young lady that has ADD, there are six young men with the brokenness. For better control of the class, instructors frequently rebuff raucous conduct while applauding those understudies that have the capacity to sit unobtrusively and tune in. Young men have more trouble with this ?calm time? attitude, just as the language and perusing aptitudes that are centered around at an early age. Therefore, they regularly feel deficient or threatening to the learning condition. The need to ?demonstrate? themself ordinarily brings about commanding conduct. Commanding conduct is connected to review others as a danger, and survey others as a danger prompts enthusiastic detachment. Thus lies the way to male sorrow. Since the time sorrow was marked an infection, society has thought of it essentially as a lady's illness. The basic visual side effects of sorrow include qualities all the more frequently ascribed to ladies, for example, the showing of feelings and letting one's feelings obviously influence one's life. These attributes neutralize our general public's cliché meaning of a man, so we frequently bolster the possibility that a man shouldn't, or even can't get discouraged.

An Overview of Internet Addiction

An Overview of Internet Addiction More in Addiction Addictive Behaviors Internet Caffeine Shopping Sex Alcohol Use Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery In This Article Table of Contents Expand Top 5 Things to Know Symptoms Internet Addiction in Kids What to Do If You're Addicted Internet addiction is a behavioral addiction in which a person becomes dependent on use of the Internet, or other online devices, as a maladaptive way of coping with lifes stresses.?? Internet addiction is becoming widely recognized and acknowledged, particularly in countries where it is affecting large numbers of people, such as South Korea, where it has been declared a national health problem.?? Much of the current research on the subject of Internet addiction has been carried out in Asia. It is also a growing concern in developed nations in North America and Europe. Top 5 Things to Know About Internet Addiction Internet addiction is not yet an officially recognized mental disorder. Researchers have formulated diagnostic criteria for Internet addiction, but it is not included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5).?? However, Internet gaming disorder is included as a condition for further study, and Internet addiction is developing as a specialist area.At least three subtypes of Internet addiction have been identified: video game addiction, cybersex or online sex addiction, and online gambling addiction.??Increasingly, addiction to mobile devices, such as cellphones and smartphones, and addiction to social networking sites, such as Facebook, are being investigated. There may be overlaps between each of these sub-types. For example, online gambling involves online games, and online games may have elements of pornography.Sexting, or sending sexually explicit texts, has landed many people in trouble. Some have been teens who have found themselves in hot water with child pornography charges if they are underage.??Treatment for Internet addiction is available, but only a few specialized Internet addiction services exist. However, a psychologist with knowledge of addiction treatment will probably be able to help. Symptoms As Internet addiction is not formally recognized as an addictive disorder, it may be difficult to get a diagnosis. However, several leading experts in the field of behavioral addiction have contributed to the current knowledge of symptoms of Internet addiction. All types of Internet addiction contain the following four components: Excessive Use of the Internet Despite the agreement that excessive Internet use is a key symptom, no one seems able to define exactly how much computer time counts as excessive. While guidelines suggest no more than two hours of screen time per day, this is unrealistic for people who use computers for work or study. Some authors add the caveat “for non-essential use,” but for an Internet addict, all computer use can feel essential. Here are some questions from Internet addiction assessment instruments that will help you to evaluate how much is too much.?? How often do you: stay online longer than you intended?hear other people in your life complain about how much time you spend online?say or think, “Just a few more minutes” when online?try and fail to cut down on how much time you spend online?hide how long you’ve been online? If any of these situations are coming up on a daily basis, you may be addicted to the Internet. Withdrawal Although originally understood to be the basis of physical dependence on alcohol or drugs, withdrawal symptoms are now being recognized in behavioral addictions, including Internet addiction. Common Internet withdrawal symptoms include anger, tension, and depression when Internet access is not available.?? These symptoms may be perceived as boredom, joylessness, moodiness, nervousness, and irritability when you can’t go on the computer. Tolerance Tolerance is another hallmark of alcohol and drug addiction  and seems to be applicable to Internet addiction as well.?? This can be understood as wantingâ€"and from the users point of view, needingâ€"more and more computer-related stimulation. It can take several forms. You might just want more time on the computer, so it gradually takes over everything you do. Or you might want more technologyâ€"bigger, better or the latest software, hardware or gadgets. Either way, the quest for more is a predominant theme in your thought processes and planning. Negative Repercussions If Internet addiction caused no harm, there would be no problem. But when excessive computer use becomes addictive, something starts to suffer. One negative effect of internet addiction is that you may not have any real personal relationships, or the ones you do have may be neglected or suffer arguments over your Internet use. Online affairs can develop quickly and easily, sometimes without the person even believing online infidelity is cheating on their partner.?? You may see your grades and other achievements suffer from so much of your attention being devoted to Internet use. You may also have little energy for anything other than computer useâ€"Internet addicts are often exhausted from staying up too late on the computer and becoming sleep deprived. Finances can also suffer, particularly if your weakness is for online gambling, online shopping or cybersex.?? How to Deal With Phone Addiction Internet Addiction in Kids Internet addiction is particularly concerning for kids and teens. Children lack the knowledge and awareness to properly manage their own computer use and have no idea about the potential harms that the Internet can open them up to. The majority of kids have access to a computer, and it has become commonplace for kids and teens to carry cellphones. While this may reassure parents that they can have two-way contact with their child in an emergency, there are very real risks that this constant access to the Internet can expose them to. Children have become increasingly exposed to lengthy periods of time connected to the Internet, disconnecting them from the world around them.When online, they have an increased risk of involvement in cyberbullying, both as a victim and as a perpetrator.There is also an increased risk that they will use their cellphone for cybersex, particularly through sexting,?? and accessing apps which could potentially increase the risk of sex addiction and online sexual harms, such as Tinder. In addition, kids are increasingly exposed to peer pressure through their cellphones and may spend extended periods of time playing online games, making them vulnerable to developing video game addiction.?? This can be disruptive to the development of healthy social relationships and can lead to isolation and victimization. Children and teens are advised to have no more than two hours of screen time per day. What to Do If Youre Addicted to the Internet If you recognize the symptoms of Internet addiction in yourself or someone in your care, talk to your doctor about getting help. As well as being able to provide referrals to Internet addiction clinics, psychologists, and other therapists, your doctor can prescribe medications or therapy to treat an underlying problem if you have one, such as depression or social anxiety disorder. Internet addiction can also overlap with other behavioral addictions, such as work addiction, television addiction, and smartphone addiction.?? A Word From Verywell Internet addiction can have devastating effects on individuals, families, and particularly growing children and teens. Getting help may be challenging but can make a huge difference in your quality of life. Are Behavioral Addictions Real?

Religion and theology My Self as a Muslim - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 565 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? Blue eyes stare back at me. Those blue eyes stare and judge the rest of my being. They zoom in on the blemishes that consume my face and make my nose seem more prominent as well as my bushy eyebrows. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Religion and theology : My Self as a Muslim" essay for you Create order Those blue eyes travel down to my lips just to see the lack of them and make their way to my fully rounded cheeks and wish they could just be normal, as they just take a glance at my body and instantly regrets it as they see a plump body form. Those blue eyes gaze around my body trying to find a perfection, but just end up with the same blue eyes staring right back at my eyes. Those blue eyes are mine. This is me. A true and raw form of how I interpret myself. Some may think its because of my hijab, but little do they know thats the only thing I take pride in. Those blue eyes travel up to my head and fill up with pride because that was my choice. And I feel comfortable and not at any point I will revert my decision. This choice has always impacted decisions I make positively, and the much teachings I get interacting with strong men of faith has guided me to become prosperous the way I am. I have always had the ability to air my views with adequate space to make decisions impacting my life as a Muslim, aspect that makes me take the right path in life. This is what many people lack in order to make sure they pursue their dreams. Yet, Muslim caters for my desires and has always provided me with good advice and views to ensure I did not make negative decisions which could impact my life and make me not to attain the potential as I have done today. First, it has made me have humility as my modest opinion in life. With many teachings of Islam emphasizing the importance of remaining humble, it has taught me to always have this value in every decision I make. Been polite to other people has always made everything I want to achieve in life possible. Muslims greatly emphasize about been polite to everyone we meet in life. I have always kept this virtue of life and have always approached people with greater politeness. This has made me get good responses from people and has seen them accept my requests without necessarily contradicting me. Respecting other peoples lives without considering statuses has remained of help in my life. Without this, I anticipate that much I have achieved with interacting while different people could have failed and thus could not have achieved greater success in life. [bookmark: _GoBack] I have always defended my religion and always find pride while people associated me with Muslims in life. Clearly, this is the best religion for me and has inspired me to achieve greater things in life. The warmth I receive in colleagues here has impacted me with a positive image of my life and continually cultivates positive self-esteem propelling me to overcome challenges which without been proud of this religion could not have made my way through. Clearly, as someone who has achieved greatness in life, I have found pride in my religion and myself which I believe will continue helping me to continue soaring even to greater heights in life.

Descartes First Three Meditations And Explain How...

In this essay, I will go over Descartes’ first three meditations and explain how Descartes discovers the foundation of knowledge, I will go over his problems with sensory knowledge, I will evaluate his claims, and I will present my objection to them. Descartes is very well known as the father of skepticism, which is very ironic, considering his main goal was to make a fool proof reason to believe in the existence of God. He wanted to make a case so strong, that if any atheist were to read his meditations, they would immediately believe in God. Little did he know, his readings actually caused much more doubt than certainty, and actually moved many people away from Christianity. This is because he uses doubt as the foundation of knowledge. When Descartes begins in his first meditation, he shows doubt in the things that most of us have never even considered to be inaccurate information. For example, he points out the fact that we could very well be asleep at this exact moment. He says that though it may seem like real life, it could easily be the most vivid dream we have ever experienced. After that he goes on to explain that not only may right now be a dream, but everything we have ever conceived to be real life may be a dream as well. He practically says that for all we know, we could have hit our heads and gone into a coma when we were small children and never even realized it. Or maybe we are already dead and we are reliving our lives in a dream. Descartes also makes usShow MoreRelatedEssay on descartes1223 Words   |  5 Pages Descartes ignored all he believed to be true. He believed that if any belief can be doubted it is not certain, making it unusable as a foundation. Descartes jettisons any information, know ledge, or truths that are based on his senses. He applied the â€Å"Dream Argument,† (19) where he stated that based on the senses alone, there is no definite way of proving that you are dreaming or awake. Therefore, any truths based upon the senses are unreliable and doubtful. Descartes turned to why and how his sensesRead More How Descartes Tries to Extricate Himself from the Skeptical Doubts He Has Raised4647 Words   |  19 PagesHow Descartes Tries to Extricate Himself from the Skeptical Doubts He Has Raised [All page references and quotations from the Meditations are taken from the 1995 Everyman edition] In the Meditations, Descartes embarks upon what Bernard Williams has called the project of Pure Enquiry to discover certain, indubitable foundations for knowledge. By subjecting everything to doubt Descartes hoped to discover whatever was immune to it. In order to best understand how and why DescartesRead MoreAn Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding By David Hume Essay931 Words   |  4 PagesPerfect Doesn’t Exist: Genuine Knowledge Means Shift It has been many years, the foundation of all genuine knowledge, whether they are found on experience (empiricism) or they could simply gain from pure reasoning (rationalism) has been the subject of academic debate among scholars. However, we will only focus on the limitation of pure reasoning, compare both David Hume and Rene Descartes’ views of knowledge, and decide whose belief works better to attain genuine knowledge in this paper. In the bookRead MoreRene Descartes and the Source of Knowledge Essay2139 Words   |  9 Pages DESCARTE: SOURCE OF KNOWLEDGE Rene Descartes, a 17th century French philosopher believed that the origin of knowledge comes from within the mind, a single indisputable fact to build on that can be gained through individual reflection. His Discourse on Method (1637) and Meditations (1641) contain his important philosophical theories. Intending to extend mathematical method to all areas of human knowledge, Descartes discarded the authoritarian systems of the scholastic philosophers and began withRead MoreThe Theory Of The Existence Of God2362 Words   |  10 PagesIn, Meditations Three: Concerning God, That he Exists, Rene Descartes uses innate ideas in his attempt to prove the existence of God. The points formed deal with the allegory of the sun and the stone, explain that God is the only perfect being, explain that God is not a deceiver and finally prove the existence of the external world. In relation to Descartes proof of the existence of God one must understand that for Descartes innate means, having a natural notation of an idea within the mind. WhatRead More The Free Will in Meditations on First Philosophy by Descartes3767 Words   |  16 PagesWill in Meditations on First Philosophy by Descartes I In Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes takes the reader through a methodological exercise in philosophical enquiry. After stripping the intellect of all doubtful and false beliefs, he re-examines the nature and structure of being in an attempt to secure a universally valid epistemology free from skepticism. Hoping for the successful reconciliation of science and theology, Descartes works to reconstruct a new foundation of absoluteRead MoreRene Descartes s Philosophy On The Mind3358 Words   |  14 Pages Introduction to Philosophy October 23, 2014 Renà © Descartes Descartes is one of the most influential and well-known philosophers of all time. The idea he is most famous for is his explanation on the mind. Renà © Descartes is often credited with being the â€Å"Father of Modern Philosophy.† This title is justified due both to his break with the traditional Scholastic-Aristotelian philosophy prevalent at his time and to his development and promotion of the new, mechanistic sciences. He wasRead MoreProposed Seven Philosophers On The Existence Of God And Their Development Of These Ideas1413 Words   |  6 PagesRound Table Essay I would like to introduce seven philosophers that we have discussed in class and focus on three specifically for my choice topic. The seven philosophers are as follows: (1) Socrates, (2) Plato, (3) Aristotle, (4) Francis Bacon, (5) St. Augustine, (6) Thomas Aquinas, and (7) Rene DesCartes. The specific three I want to focus on being; St. Augustine, Thomas Aquinas and Rene Descartes. Lastly, I will proceed to rel ate their ideas on the existence of God and their development of these ideasRead MorePhilosophy 101 Study Guide Essay3857 Words   |  16 Pagesï » ¿STUDY GUIDE FIRST EXAM PHI 101 When: Thursday, the 26th Day of September, 2013, 3:00pm – 4:15pm Where: The same location our class normally meets What to bring: Your ASU Student ID, for when you hand in your exam An Exam book (blue book or green book) available at the bookstore A Scan-tron form (bubble-in forms) available at the bookstore TWO number 2 pencils for filling in the scantron form A blue or black ink pen (optional – pencil ok), for your exam book. I will not haveRead MoreThe Origins of Modern Science Essay2484 Words   |  10 PagesGalileo Galilei (1564-1642), Rene Descartes (1596-1650), and Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727), stand as prime examples of human reason colliding with the ideas of the Catholic Church. Given their continued importance, and the unquestionable impact of these thinkers, we find it important to ask: why were these men and their ideas heretical? The tradition of utilizing human reason to understand both the cosmos and the existence of mankind preceded Galileo, Descartes and Newton. Aristotle (384-322 B.C

A Lost Lady †Essay Free Essays

Set In Sweet Water, In the western plains, where Captain Forrester could comfortably transport â€Å"friends from Omaha or Denver over from the station in his democrat wagon† (5) to his stately home, a story unfolds that pits two worlds against each other–that of an Ideal past and that of the grim present. The narrator assumes the perspective of a third person omniscient, able to provide Insight Into characters’ thoughts and motivations, and centers the novel on Marina Forrester and the men who surround her. Yet what seems to Interest Catcher irately in this work is the conflict between two generations of pioneer men in the West and resulting redefinition of manhood during the lamina period between the late 1 9th and early 20th centuries. We will write a custom essay sample on A Lost Lady – Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Largely, Nile Herbert fascination with Marina Forrester and the men whom she attracts drives the novel, for Nile observes Marina through the years–with an interest that mirrors that of Wintergreen in Henry Sesame’s Daisy Miller. Despite their age difference (he is 12 years old when he first meets Mrs.. Forrester), Nile becomes enthralled with Marina as an image of Victorian mysticism during his youth. She becomes an â€Å"angel of the house,† happily greeting visitors in a disheveled dressing gown, with her hair partially coiffed, or toting baskets of freshly baked cookies to the neighborhood boys playing near the stream on the Forrester grounds. While Nile is still a boy, the Captain assumes the role of a great protector who chooses not to drain his fields for more productive land, but rather magnanimously allows the creek to run through his pasture, because he can afford to and because he admires the beauty of the place. This landscape becomes hemolytic, for when the Captain becomes ill and eventually dies, many changes take place at the homestead. For Catcher, the noble pioneer embodied by the Captain, who appreciates nature and values its beauty, finds replacement in the selfish modern man of Ivy Peters, who sees nature only In terms of resources waiting to be stripped and profits to be made. When Captain Forester’s health weakens, Ivy Peters moves onto Forester’s land and starts to assume his role as the dominant male In the household, replacing the grand, strong figure of the older railroad man. Ivy makes the session to drain the Forrester’ meadowland, Instead planting wheat that will then be harvested and cut down. Catcher writes: â€Å"All the way from Missouri to the mountains this generation of shrewd, young men, trained to petty economies by hard times, would do exactly what Peters had done when he drained the Forrester marsh† (90). Here, Ivy acts as a symbol of a new generation of ruthless â€Å"shrewd young men† who ravage the landscape and strip the feminizes earth of her resources. Yet Ivy will not only dominate the land; the beautiful woman, like the beautiful land, also Decodes a target AT exploration. Marlin Forrester Decodes Immediately Keenan to a bird when Nile returns after being away for two years from the Forrester and the town in which they live. When Nile first greets Marina, he does so by clasping her in his arms while she lay on a hammock, â€Å"like a bird caught in a net† (92). This image of a bird becomes instrumental in Marina’s relationship to Ivy; if Marina is the bird, then is the cruel male who will mutilate her and show her his dominance increasingly. That Catcher would use this image of a bird in reference to Marina, after roving her reader with a dramatic scene of cruelty and abuse when Peters uses a tool from a taxidermy kit to slice the eyes of a female woodpecker he has captured in his hands, while calling her â€Å"Miss Female,† stands as something more than coincidence. When the reader examines Ivy’s treatment of Mrs.. Forrester, one sees that she becomes more and more dependent on him and therefore must tolerate his disrespectful behavior. â€Å"Poison Ivy† will become the scourge that ravages the â€Å"forest† found in Marina Forrest(ere), subtly spreading and taking over her land. A casting image of Marina emerges from the story she tells about how she and Captain Forrester became married. When Marina describes the scene in which she, crippled with two broken legs, is carried out of the ravine by men who took alternate turns in bearing her weight, an image of Captain Forrester holding the broken body of his wife reveals the Captain’s comfort in taking care of a dependent woman. Marina’s dependence does not threaten the Captain but draws them together. Marina submits to Captain Forrester and trusts that he will take care of her, for he represents the idealized image of masculinity that countered the Victorian â€Å"angel of the house† as the strong, dominant provider. After her husband’s death, which leaves her disoriented like the blinded bird, without the Captain to carry her or give her a strong sense of noble masculinity from which to contrast herself, she must redefine her feminine female subject position against a new kind of male. Just as the new, modern male will exploit land and women, so will Marina learn to use her beauty as a commodity, in order to gain financial security within an increasingly commercialism world of men. How to cite A Lost Lady – Essay, Essays

My Home Town free essay sample

Historians, in the absence of facts, construct a mythical history based on speculation and imagination. The history of a city is determined by documentary evidence. Analysis and examination of documents help historians draw a comprehensive picture of a citys past. A city becomes historical only when it contributes to politics, literature, economics, and culture and creates its own soul, which distinguishes it from others. It also assumes significance because of its geographical and strategic location. Throughout the history cities became prominent either because of their political and commercial importance or their cultural and social contribution to society. Cities that emained capitals of an empire or served as administrative centres assumed authoritative and hierarchical character in their development. On the other hand, cities that were centres of trade and commerce developed a homogeneous culture without much political domination and supervision. Residential areas of the cities in the subcontinent were divided on the basis of ethnicity, religion, caste, and linguistic affiliations. We will write a custom essay sample on My Home Town or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There were separate places of worship and centres for social gatherings to keep their religious and ethnic identities, but once they came out from their residential space to the public space such as arkets, gardens, playgrounds, working places, and government offices, they came into contact with one another. Interaction, meeting, exchange of ideas in public space created a sense of belonging to a city, which united and combined its inhabitants interests. That gave people a sense of belonging and thus, they defended their city with a zeal and faced crises and vicissitude of politics with patience. In such a milieu, a city created its traditions, customs, rituals, and festivals, which culminated in the creation of its unique character. Karachi is not an ancient city. And so it has no historical monuments other than nsignificant fishing town that was developed as a port in 1729 by BhoJomal, a Hindu merchant. The city passed through three historical stages. In the early period it remained part of Balochistan and Sindh; in the second stage it was occupied by the British in 1839; and finally in 1947 it became the first capital ofa newly independent Pakistan. In all these stages, the city assumed different and distinct characters. In the first, it remained an insignificant port. During the colonial period it became one of the cleanest cities and developed a culture of tolerance, humanism, and enlightenment. After partition, its entire landscape changed. New immigrants from India brought along with them a new culture. But later when the Pathans, Punjabis, and the Balochis arrived in search of Jobs and economic opportunities, the city became a mint-Pakistan. Bottom line. treat the motorbike with a bit of respect, treat her like youd treat a lady It works. RitzCracker sep 28 2003, 10:27 PM post Auqaab Group: VE Moderators posts: 5,652 joined: 21 -July 02 part-II The history of Karachi during all these stages on the one hand is fascinating, but on the other hand, very sad. I shall attempt to capture the spirit of the city and highlight its main features and characteristics. In 1839, T. G. Carless visited Karachi and submitted his observations to the Government that it was Just a small insignificant town. Due to a lack of sanitation, this small and insignificant town was also a very dirty town. As there was no concept of town planning, the town grew haphazardly. Richard Burton who visited Karachi around 1844 leaves an interesting account of it: Karachi town, when I first became acquainted with it, was much like the Alexandria ass of low hovels, mat and mud, and of tall mud houses with windowless mud walls, flat mud roofs, and many bad-girs or mud ventilators, surrounded by tumble platform of mud covered rock On approaching it, three organs were affected, far more powerfully, however, than pleasantly, viz. , the Ear, the Nose, and the Eye. The former was struck by tomtoming and squeaking of native music; by roaring,bawling, criard voices of the people; by barking and braying of stranger-hating curs, and by screams of hungry gulls fighting over scraps of tainted fish. The drainage, if you could so call it, was managed by vaporation everyone threw before his dwelling what was not wanted inside, while dogs, kites, and crows were the only scavengers; and this odour of carrion was varied, as we approached the bazaars, by a close, faint, dead smell of drugs and spices, such as might be supposed to proceed from newly made Osiris'. After the conquest of Sindh (1843), in 1847 Karachi became part of the Bombay Presidency. The British administration gave particular attention to its development and gradually transformed it from an unknown and sleepy town to a prominent city of the subcontinent. It became a modern and well-planned city. By the time the British conquered Sindh, they had already experienced town planning. In the 19th century Europe, as a result of industrialization and commercial activities, the bourgeoisie developed their city, taking care to provide more space for public utilities and entertainment. That is why, besides administrative buildings such as courts, post-offices, railway stations, town halls, government offices, there were gardens, theatres, galleries, museums, elegant shopping arcades, clubs and cafes, to provide space to citizens to enjoy and relax. For public utilities there were hospitals, educational institutions, libraries, banks, workhouses for the poor and churches. There were wide roads, avenues, and thoroughfares that facilitated transport. A system of sanitation and disposal of waste kept the city clean. A municipality took the administration under a mayor to hold order. Another important feature of the new city structure was its secular character. In the mediaeval cities of Europe, the cathedral used to be in the centre of the city. In the new structure commercial buildings became the centre symbolizing secularism over religion. Based on this experience, the British developed Kolkata, Varanasi and Mumbai. They applied this experience in the development of Karachi as a modern port city too. After the conquest, the pattern of Karachis population had also changed. Once it developed as a port city it attracted business communities from all over India, who came in search of new opportunities to make more money. So arrived the Memons, the Bohras, the Kacchis, the Parss, the KhoJas, the Marwaris, Malabars, and the Goans along with a few Europeans and Jews. Their arrival made the city multi- thnic, multicultural, and multi-religious. culturally and socially, which resulted in a politically homogenized urban culture based on secularism and tolerance. The city became unique offering its own kind of charm. sep 28 2003, 10:28 PM part-Ill The Parsi community played an active role in Karachis development especially during the period of Jamshid NasarvanJi Mehta who served as president of the municipality from 1921 to 1933. The period saw improved sanitation, a regulated supply of water, repaired roads, new gardens, housing schemes, etc. The city, as a result, received a facelift. It became a model of cleanliness. The types of buildings that were built in the modern city showed their commercial, educational, administrative, and recreational values. Commercial interests kept religious and ethnic differences in the background. Trading communities, after earning wealth, instead of hoarding and spending it on their personal comfort and luxury, donated considerable portions to welfare projects. An example of this was the Parsi community. It earned great respect in society by its philanthropic contributions. Social work brought wealthy people in contact with the unfortunate. The theosophical movement led by Anne Besent also influenced some of the leading fgures of the city. Not only human beings but animals too were cared There were societies for animal protection whose office holders were honorary magistrates. It became their duty to keep an eye on the cart and carriage drivers so reprimanded. There were hospitals for old and sick animals. There were also a number of troughs, which the Parsis had built in memory of their ancestors, where cold water for animals was available. The Hindus too maintained gaoshalas (cow shelters) for old animals. All this was part of colonial Karachi. After 1947, as the capital of a new country, Karachi emerged as a new city. New immigrants from all parts of India named their new settlements and residential areas after their ancestral cities and provinces. To name a few, Karachi still has Bihar Colony, Banglore Town, Rajputana Colony, Ajmer Nagri, Aligarh Colony. etc. Similarly, one can see the names of shops as Delhi Hotel, Ambala Sweetmeat, Pilibhit Oil Company, Jaipur Hair Cutting Salon, Agra Shoe Shop, etc. Names of roads were also decolonized. Victoria Road became Abdullah Haroon Road, Napier Road Mir Karam Ali Talpur Road, Nathal Bhai Patel Road Nawab Ismail Khan Road, Lawrence Road Nishtar Road, Elphinston Street Zaibunisa Street, Motilal Nehru Road Jigar Muradabadi Road, Cannaught Road Chaudhary Rahmat Ali Road and so Surprisingly, individuals who were honoured this way did not contribute to the development of Karachi. Most were politicians and not social workers. It was an indication that, in the new setup, politics was more important than social work. It also showed that there was no place for the British or Hindus in the emerging scheme of things. Most statues of the colonial period that graced the city disappeared from the scene. The new immigrants brought strong religious and political prejudices. They adopted the country as their new homeland on the basis of religio-nationalist ideology. Most were either government servants or people in search of new economic opportunities or those who were forced to migrate because of communal riots. Arriving in large swarms, they pushed the old inhabitants of the city into the background. sep 28 2003, 10:29 PM part-IV A strong bureaucracy curtailed the power of the municipality. The commissioner of Karachi ruled like an uncrowned king. Evacuee property was allotted indiscreetly. It changed the whole landscape of the city. Educated and wealthy Hindus left for India. The Parsis relegated their prominent position and retired. The followers of other faiths such as the Sikhs and the Jews disappeared. Karachi was given a new look. Mosques were built throughout the city that asserted the domination of religion over all other aspects of society. Karachi no longer remained a multicultural or multi-religious city. Religious tolerance was taken over by religious fanaticism. Humanism was replaced by rigidity. With the increase in population, the old infrastructure collapsed. However, the MohaJirs or the new immigrants planted a new culture in the city. Urdu became the main language. The tradition of mushaira was revived and popularized in the new cultural milieu. Religious festivals such as Muharram processions and Milad-un-Nabi (PBUH) began to be celebrated with religious fervour. Urdu magazines, newspapers and books started publishing. Some of the great literary fgures such as Josh Malihabadi, Niaz Fatehpuri, Shahid Ahmad Dehlavi and others rejuvenated literary activities. As there were no restrictions, Indian visitors, popular poets and religious scholars visited regularly. These contacts kept a cultural link with India. Ayub Khan, for political reasons, shifted the capital from Karachi to Islamabad. The shifting purged Karachi of the bureaucracy and presence of the ruling class. It now assumed a new identity, which became its commercial and industrial transformation. The process of industrialization started Just after Partition. Setting up of new compelled people from the North-West Frontier Province and Punjab to come to Karachi. The arrival of newcomers slowly changed the population pattern of the city. There emerged new settlements of Pathans and Punjabis. The Pathans came along ith their tribal values and Jirga system and Punjabis with their aggressiveness and enterprise. The MohaJirs resented this intrusion. They felt threatened and resisted identifying with any ethnic group. In 1970, when One Unit was abolished and Karachi became the capital of Sindh, it brought Sindhi administration and politicians to Karachi. So far the Sindhi population of the city was in the background and not in a position to assert its existence. This unnerved the MohaJir community which had for so long enjoyed a socio-economic and cultural monopoly in the city. These feelings, among other factors, ultimately aused the emergence of the MohaJir Qaumi Movement. Moreover, the political development of Pakistan greatly affected the city. The Karachi Corporation became a bureaucratic institution. It no longer remained an elective body, and even when it was, it failed to function to the benefit of the city. Besides, people from other provinces and a large number of Afghans, Bengalis, Burmese, and Iranians arrived in the ? s to settle here illegally. As most of them were unskilled workers and had rural backgrounds, their attitude and behaviour was no match to the culture of the middle-class MohaJirs. The result was ethnic clashes. The culture of mint-India, which was so enthusiastically planted and nurtured was swept away by the new waves of immigration and with the emergence of a mint-Pakistan In spite of all these changes Karachi is identified as a MohaJir city. The rural Sindh by and large has a hostile attitude towards the city as it is seen to have divided the province culturally and ethnically. The communities belonging to other provinces have their own social links with their ancestral home towns and villages. The MohaJirs, after delinking themselves from India, are locked in the city without any hinterland support. Their separate identity is not recognized officially. As a result Karachi has suffered. There is little sense of belonging to the city. Unplanned new high-rise buildings and plazas have disfigured the city-scape. Old buildings and monuments are in a state of dilapidation. There is no interest in preserving these, as all newcomers disown the citys past. Karachi, the tragedy is that the citys past haunts only a few people who have lived in this city of peace, prosperity and homogenized culture from before Partition. But the majority of people here today live without any memories of the past.

Therapeutic interventions Essays

Therapeutic interventions Essays Therapeutic interventions Essay Therapeutic interventions Essay Definition Therapeutic Interventions encompass not Just the nursing profession but each nurse as an Individual. Whether realized or not, every Intervention a nurse Implements Is therapeutic. Sometimes these Interventions can have a good or bad effect. Through research and continuing knowledge, a nurse can learn or Improve these Interventions so that the highest quality of care Is given to each and every patient. Therapeutic interventions can be defined as actions or behaviors involving clients that is scientifically evidence-based and caring to assist patients in meeting his or ere needs and accomplishing optimal outcomes (PAN handbook). Through therapeutic communication, a nurse can set the tone for a safe and caring environment. Beginning a trusting relationship will provide the patient with comfort, allowing them to heal and to feel free to express his or her feelings. For example, deprivation of meaningful relationships and colonization have detrimental effects on the physical and psychosocial wellbeing of older clients. Having a trusting relationship with nurses, alleviates feelings of loneliness and helplessness (Brownie, S. , Horsemanship, L. 2012). Implementing safe and accurate care that Is evidence-based Is an Important therapeutic intervention. The five steps of implementation are imperative to avoid unwanted errors from occurring to patients. The five steps include asking a question, finding the best evidence, evaluation of the evidence, applying the information with experience and patient values, and evaluation of outcomes. These five steps always surround the patients values and beliefs. It is also important for the nurse to collaborate with fellow coworkers when help is needed. Sometimes other nurses ay have an answer that could solve a current problem (Johnson, 2008). To provide optimal care to patients, nurses must be aware of cultural diversity. Every culture has their own values and beliefs, Including the care that each culturally diverse patient receives. For example, a female Arabic client will not make eye contact or speak with male nurses or physicians. This Is not the clients way of being rude, it is her cultural beliefs and the nurse must be aware of this. It is crucial for the nurse to be aware of these cultural differences before providing care so care is not affected (Taylor, C.. Allis, C. , Lemon, P. , Lynn, P.. 2011). It is important to prioritize care based on the patients needs. For example, a postoperative patient needs care of an incision. The nurse knows that care of this incision and pain control are top priority. When the patient starts to have trouble breathing and goes into respiratory distress, the nurse needs to be aware that difficulty breathing takes higher priority over an incision. Support Is a crucial therapeutic intervention. When It comes to end of life decisions, families Like to be Involved. The nurse should physically and mentally purport the family, as well as the patient, through this difficult time. After the death of a patient, the nurse could ask the family If they would Like to spend time with the patient to assist them in coping. The nurse could also ask the family if they would therapeutic and/or as a way to care for a loved one, one last time (Assignations, D. D. , 2013). There are many types of therapeutic interventions. Pharmacological interventions involve the use of medications to prevent and/or treat disease and relieve pain. It is important to monitor peak and trough levels of medications administered. This is to verify that all medications are therapeutic and not causing damage or harm to the body (Lilly, L. L. , Collins, S. R. , 2014). Non-pharmacological interventions include music therapy, exercise, art, and dance. These interventions are also referred to as psychosocial interventions. These therapies are used to improve self-esteem and self-achievement, as well as, an alternative method of relieving pain without the use of medications. On occasion, these interventions have helped patients to talk about repressed feelings they may be experiencing (Hayes, N. , 2003). A nurse could use hermeneutic touch (healing touch) as an intervention. A massage is a great way to rebalanced the patients energy field or relieve pain without pharmacological intervention. A healing touch positively affects the patient physically, mentally, and emotionally (Lilly, L. L. , Collins, S. R. , 2014). This author defines therapeutic interventions as a way to help heal in a manner that is patient-centered. Helping a patient to heal does not always mean medical interventions. Sometimes, it is being a support person for a patient to express their feelings or an advocate when the patient cant speak. Therapeutic interventions involve helping the patient whether it is though administering medications or giving a massage. In Conclusion, therapeutic interventions are an important aspect of the nursing profession. It involves more than Just administering medications to help a patient heal. Helping the patient to self-actualization, love and belonging, and self-esteem are a huge step in the healing process. A depressed patient may take longer to heal, where as a patient who is content and happy will heal faster. It should be a priority of the nurse to make sure that each and every patient receives optimal therapeutic are. Explanation For this explanation, I chose my presentation on encyclopedias. Encyclopedias are a classification of drugs that have their own specific way of killing bacteria that cause infection, more specifically gram negative bacteria. Encyclopedias are a form of a therapeutic intervention and can be used in combination with non-pharmacological interventions. These interventions might include music therapy, acupuncture, deep massage, etc Encyclopedias are an important therapeutic intervention. Patients may have a serious infection that requires an antibiotic. Through the administration of this class of medication, the patient is able to begin the healing process from their infection. In addition to this broad intervention, there are several non-pharmacological therapeutic interventions that can be used along with encyclopedias treatment. A massage would be great for patients experiencing muscle cramps caused by the reduction of potassium in the body or for pain experienced from an infection. Another intervention could be acupuncture. Acupuncture is an intervention that allows body mind to relax and heal. It has been useful for treating nausea, vomiting, main and ailment. Through distraction a patient can take their mind off of the things that are bothering them. Increasing fluids is also an important therapeutic intervention with the administration of encyclopedias. Through increasing fluids the body can reheated itself. Encyclopedias are known to cause problems with the kidneys and by advising the patient to increase their fluid intake, the body can maintain hydration and allow for proper kidney function. Without proper kidney function, the body is unable to remove the medication itself; therefore, potentially causing toxicity and harm to the body. In conclusion, encyclopedias are an important therapeutic intervention. Without the use of antibiotics patients could become seriously ill with infection or face the possibility of death. While this antibiotic drug class is a therapeutic intervention towards the treatment of infection, there are additional therapeutic interventions that must be followed to keep patients from unwanted and adverse effects. Through my research, as a future nurse, I am able to provide the proper education about encyclopedias and to implement the proper interventions needed to make this therapy a success.

Essay on Transsexualism

Essay on Transsexualism Essay on Transsexualism This is a free sample essay on Transsexualism: In 1952, few Americans were familiar with the concept of transsexualism. It was difficult to understand or acknowledge that gender was not synonymous with sex; that is, most people believed that the anatomy with which a child was born would indisputably influence his or her behavior, disposition, career choices, tastes and sexual preferences in one of two ways: male, or female. It was in that year that Christine Jorgensen was born. Christine Jorgensen was in fact a pseudonym for a 26 year old ex-GI from the Bronx named George. Since childhood Jorgensen had been haunted by his place in the sexual binary system, pulled like a magnet to a female identity despite his male genitals. He had finally decided to seek sex-reassignment surgery, an operation that was not available in America but was crudely performed by some doctors in Denmark (Brown et. al). Eventually details of Jorgensens surgery were leaked to reporters and the Daily News screamed EX-GI BECOMES BLONDE BOMBSHELL one quiet morning in December, propelling America into a frenzy of shock, outrage, and curiosity. Some people even saw the fact and publicity of such an event as an important landmark in the destruction of all moral and societal good. What most Americans and other Western citizens didnt know was that a rich history of transsexualism, transgenderism and/or gender variation had been alive and celebrated in many Non-Western societies for innumerabl e years. The Two-Spirited people of the various American Indian tribes and pre-contact south- and central-Americans are arguably the most interesting example of unique transgenderal customs, beliefs, and societal significance. Two-Spirited people, first written about in Western literature in the late sixteenth-century, were called bardaja or berdaches by European missionaries (Trexler). These words indicated a receptive role in sodomy and derived from the Persian bardah prisoner or kept boy. Despite evidence that some berdaches did provide homo-sexual services for warriors in central American tribes and the apparent frequency with which they took same-sex lovers, these individuals played a primarily gender-based, rather than sexual, role. In some cases this gender role was functional, such as in the incidences of female-born children being raised as boys to facilitate a fathers hunting in the Inuit subsistence based economies. Similarly, in families whose children had all been born male, a child in present-day Colombia may have been given a female gender to fill the role of fathers servant or caretaker of a sick mother. Generally these individuals would retain their given-gender for the rest of their live s (Trexler). It is important to realize, however, that in most indigenous cultures, the child raised Two-Spirit was not simply raised in the opposite gender role, but as a combination of the two, as notes Roscoe in The Zuni Man-Woman: [A] male lhamana would take on roles that not only included male occupational status such as farmer, weaver, shaman and story-teller, but potter and housekeeper as well, which were female roles (126). On the other hand, the majority of research on Two-Spirited people has revealed a gender role that is more spiritual than functional. In stark contrast to Europeans, indigenous Americans did not generally view the existence of a third gender as an abnormal phenomenon, but instead as a unique blend of male and female that comes with a heightened spirituality. In quite a number of tribes, such as the Navajo, parents would recognize a child that was to become a man-woman or woman-man by the way he or she acted while very young (Goulet). In the cultures of the Plains and the Prairies, as well as in parts of California and the Northeast, the choice to become a Two-Spirit was preceded by a vision or a dream, which both explained and legitimized their choice to become a gender other than woman or man (Lang, 95). In still other cultures, for example the Canadian Dene-Tha, children are gendered according to a complex system of cross-sex reincarnation beliefs (Lang, 95). Often these reasons fo r gender variance are not exclusive, i.e., a male may express a predisposition for traditionally female chores while young and later experience a spiritual instruction to become a woman, or vice-versa. Regardless of the reason for gender variance among Two-Spirited people, their dual-genders are a natural part of the Native American cultural world view that emphasize[s] and appreciate[s] transformation and change (Lang, 93). Native Americans are expected to go through many changes in a lifetime. The Navajo Ndleehà ©Ãƒ ©, in fact, means someone who is in a constant process of change (Lang, 97). ______________ is a professional essay writing service which can provide high school, college and university students with 100% original custom written essays, research papers, term papers, dissertations, courseworks, homeworks, book reviews, book reports, lab reports, projects, presentations and other assignments of top quality. More than 700 professional Ph.D. and Master’s academic writers. Feel free to order a custom written essay on Transsexualism from our professional essay writing service.

Psychological Contracts Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Psychological Contracts Paper - Essay Example Psychological contract is a term used to refer to the mutual relationship existing between organization and its employee in terms of reciprocal obligations and promises implied in the employment relationship. It is good to understand that these contracts fall under the category of promissory contracts. On the other hand, this mutual understanding is mainly subjective to person’s perceptual and cognitive limits. This contract comes into effect the moment when the physical i.e. employment offer contract is signed. It is worth noting that obligations under psychological contract unlike the physical contract are not signed rather they are implied. These obligations are merely promises and expectations. Thus, in general terms this contract refers to the mutual perceptions, beliefs and imprecise or informal responsibilities between an employee and an employer. Psychological contracts due to them being subject to emotional and social factors they are usually changeable in nature unli ke the physical employment contracts (Makin, Cooper & Cox1996 pp 3-6). Types of Psychological Contracts There are usually three types of psychological contracts. ... Finally, we have the the â€Å"hybrid† or balanced form of psychological contract which entails aspects of the two mentioned above contracts i.e. relational characteristics such as long-term mutual committments and also the transactional attributes such as the renegotiations and job roles and functions. Nature of Psychological Contracts These contracts are assumed dynamic, informal, voluntary and subjective in nature. They change in line with the changes occurring in relationship and expectations of both the employer and employee. There is usually no tangible agreement or contract; however, the following are deemed the obligations and components of this contract; The employees are anticipated to offer hard work, loyalty and commitment, or sacrifice while in employment. The organization is required to provide high pay, advancement, training and development, and job security Features of psychological Contracts a) It is a voluntary choice: A psychological contract is entered into voluntarily by the employee, afterwhich he will be motivated/obligated to fulfill his commitments to the employers organisation. b) There usually is a belief in mutual agreement: These psychological contract are based largely on the employee perceptions and understanding of the terms and conditions. Consequently, the employee offers his/her services relying on the pressumpton that the contract was mutually agreed upon in total disregard of the reality. c) Psychological contracts are Incomplete. These contracts evolve and change over the relation and period of employment unlike the physical contracts which are usually complete at the beggining of employment. d) Multiple

The Importance of Palliative Care to the Old Dying Individuals Dissertation

The Importance of Palliative Care to the Old Dying Individuals - Dissertation Example The authors of this article carried out a study on 1,254 physicians using questionnaires. Most of the respondents used were women with a mean age of 45. This study was the first Dutch study carried out to give an insight into the practice of CPS by nursing home physicians. The study fails to recognize the importance of temporary palliative sedation, which was not included in the study. However, I agree with the findings of the study that administration of CPS to patients with cancer and dementia differ in several ways. This study was carried out in six veterans’ affairs medical centers located in the southeast United States. It implemented palliative care, a multi-component, and education based intervention through staff training, written materials, electronic order set, and follow up consultations. The study was a qualitative research that involved the use of telephone interviews and qualitative data analysis. The results of the research carried out are useful in optimizing the best practices in acute care settings. The article focuses on the end of life nursing education consortium critical care (ELNEC-CC) programs that were funded by Arch stone foundation to improve end of life care education of care nurses in California. From the study, ELNEC-CC offers an emphasis on the end of life areas specific to critical care. It is evident that the participants consider the ELNEC-CC materials as helpful in giving professional education.The authors carry out a research on acute and critical care nurses on the aging population. From the findings, the authors conclude that there is no adequate education on the nurses to take care of the population 388 participants were used for the study through education in ELNEC modules. The participants revised policies and made changes in their workplaces so that better care is provided for dying critical care patients. The authors of this article carried out a study to describe an evaluation of ELNEC oncology training program. The study was carried out using 124 nurs es representing 74 chapters of ONS.

Human Mortality in Masque of Red Death Essay -- essays research papers

Human Mortality in â€Å"The Masque of Red Death† As a gothic writer, Edgar Allan Poe created horror using gloom as his weapon. Hidden within the suspenseful story of â€Å"The Masque of Red Death† is an allegorical tale of how individuals deal with the fear of death as time passes. Frantic activities and pleasures (as represented by Prince Prospero and his guests) seek to wall out the threat of death. However, the story reminds the reader that death comes â€Å"like a thief in the night†(Poe 3), and even those who seek peace and safety shall not escape. Poe uses symbolism to illustrate that man cannot hide from his own mortality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  David R. Dudley states that â€Å"the Red Death symbolizes death in general† (Dudley 169). This can be assumed by the nature of the disease. No cure could be found for the Red Death and all whom obtained it eventually died. Also, the fact that the Red Death contains the word death directly connects the two. This connection clearly suggests that the Red Death symbolizes death. Knowing that, the fortress that Prince Prospero designed to separate himself and his guests from the Red Death symbolizes his human desire to escape death. Just as humans attempt to avoid the topic of death with material goods and busyness, the prince provides his guests with â€Å"all the appliances of pleasure.†(Poe 1) Yet despite all of these precautions, death rules over all as the Red Death is able to sneak into the fortress and claim every life within it. Liz Bren...

How far were Mao’s agricultural policies responsible for the scale of the famine? Essay

Mao’s agricultural policies could certainly be seen as responsible for the scale of the famine or at least as a huge factor contributing towards it. Other factors, such as the conspiracy of silence, bad weather and withholding information by peasants and government officials were also partly responsible for the scale of the famine; however Mao’s policies played the biggest role in causing the scale of the famine. Collectivisation was the first agricultural policy taken on by Mao which was unsupported by the peasants in the countryside, who were the majority of the population. The policy contributed hugely to the scale of the famine as it involved joining peasant families together to farm collectively rather than individually and then sharing the food produced with the rest of the community. This, in theory, was a good idea; if the peasants worked together they could share knowledge and potentially grow more food. However, they didn’t like the policy as it meant, regardless of how much they grew individually, they would only get a set amount, and it was never enough to feed the whole family. Mao believed that many peasants were growing more food than necessary and keeping some for themselves, however this was proved not to be the case; production rate had fallen from 200 million in 1958 to 143.5 million in 1960. Mao simply didn’t trust the peasants, believing they were ‘inherently capitalist’ and were against being a communist state. The peasants resented farming collectively because they didn’t have enough land to farm their crops, as well as the fact that the authorities believed that they needed to be ‘strictly controlled and directed.’ This attitude towards them caused the peasants to be reluctant to hand over their crops to the state, however they had no choice as they were no longer allowed to farm for themselves and the grain produced went to the State instead, to feed the cities, leaving many to starve. Lysenkoism was also a huge factor that contributed to the scale of the famine. This was a theory introduced by Trofim Lysenko, a Soviet agronomist, who claimed to have discovered a new method for producing at least double the amount of crops, which involved planting crops deeper in the ground and closed together. China was heavily influenced by the work of the Soviet Union, especially Lysenko’s ideas as Mao aspired for China to be similar to them, meaning he assumed the policies they followed must work. He introduced the policy in 1958; however, the plants couldn’t grow in these conditions, causing huge famine and lack of food. Furthermore, a competition was developed during the Great Leap Forward for creating the most striking demonstrations of close planting. Most peasants took this to the extreme and planted seeds as close to each other as possible. As a result, a large amount of their crops died and what survived was taken away by the government officials, leaving the peasants with nothing to eat. Although collectivisation and Lysenkoism were the main factors leading to the scale of the famine, there were other aspects that contributed to it. Mao was determined to stay in power and refused to believe the true scale of the problem. When presented with a report on the genocide in Tibet, Mao dismissed it as a ‘collection of lies and distortions’ as it criticised the PRC. He was informed that around 15 million peasants had died due to his new policies but he was adamant that he was not to blame. Instead he blamed other external factors causing the scale of the famine, such as bad weather, uninformed local officers and greedy peasants. Other factors that also contributed to the scale of the famine included how focus was taken away from agriculture and set on industry instead. This meant that a dangerously high proportion of farm workers were diverted into steel production and a shortage of agricultural labour meant led to insufficient planting so large amounts of crops died. Another of Mao’s policies that failed was â€Å"Sparrowcide†; this was the killing of thousands of sparrows because it was claimed they ate the seeds of the crops. However the campaign against sparrows was so effective that as the number of sparrows decreased, the number of caterpillars, on which the birds did actually feed, increased so they consumed large areas of crops. On the other hand, Mao’s agricultural policies weren’t solely to blame for the scale of the famine; the conspiracy of silence also played quite a major role. Government officials knew that Lysenkoism was failing and that the targets set by Mao weren’t being met but they were too scared to speak out about it. They knew Mao would have them purged if they appeared to go against him, due to his refusal to face the facts. An example of this was when a conference was called to discuss the progress of the Great Leap Forward in Lushan, during which one official, Peng Dehuai, spoke the truth about the extent of the famine in an attempt to rectify the situation. However the other members did not support him so as not to appear that they were against Mao because they were afraid of what would happen to them and it was also said to them that criticism of the Party could lead to the collapse of its power. Because of this, some of the information on the scale of the famine was held back from Mao. At the beginning of the famine, reports of success soon became obligatory and were used for future planning. The figures were believed, resulting in communes serving over-generous meals and using up valuable food reserves on top of the State taking ownership of the food they produced. As the famine continued, officials would still report back to Beijing that the peasants were producing enough grain and the targets were being met so more and more peasants would be left to starve whilst their food was taken away to feed the urban population and to use as exports to the USSR. Furthermore, the peasants would lie about the amount of food they were producing by moving the grain around or including other food they were producing, such as fruit and vegetables, as well as all the grain they had produced. This meant that the officials would take away all the grain that the peasants had, leaving them with nothing. Therefore, some historians could argue that the peasants themselves contributed to the scale of the famine and it wasn’t just down to Mao’s policies. Although Lysenkoism is seen to be one of the biggest factors leading to the scale of the famine, the failure of Lysenkoism wasn’t entirely Mao’s fault. Lysenko’s theory on how to increase productivity was false and, although it could be argued that the failing of this policy was inevitable, China was heavily influenced by Soviet scientists. They were influenced into believing that Lysenko’s theories were right and he could do no wrong and this propaganda would have led Mao to believe the policies would benefit his county. The peasants were also influenced into believing that Mao could do no wrong, so many believed that the new policies would save them, rather than send them further into famine. Additionally, there were some factors contributing to the scale of the famine that Mao couldn’t have controlled, such as bad weather and natural disasters, such as floods. During 1959, China suffered a lot of bad weather and floods that destroyed large amounts of land and crops and in 1960 an estimated 60% of agricultural land in northern China received no rain at all. Mao blamed the scale of the famine on this, although this was far from being the sole reason for the scale of it. It could be argued that if Mao had not forced the peasants to follow Lysenkoism, the plants may have had a better chance of surviving, despite the weather. To conclude, I feel that Mao’s agricultural policies were the biggest factors that caused the scale of the famine, as the lack of food only started after they had been introduced. Policies such as Lysenkoism and large communes meant that crops weren’t growing properly and that the peasants didn’t have enough to eat even before the State started to claim them to feed the urban population, besides other policies. However, there were other contributing factors that led to the scale of the famine, the main one being the conspiracy of silence. The officials were been terrified of Mao’s punishments, so would have told him whatever he wanted to hear to avoid them. Some historians argue that if the officials hadn’t lied, and instead told Mao the extent of the famine, he would have been forced to accept he must rectify his mistakes, and change the policies. However, as the officials were lying to him, there is a possibility he genuinely may have not known the scale of the famine and therefore not seen the need to change anything. On the other hand, Mao had very little knowledge of agriculture in the first place and set ridiculously high goals for the amount of grain that the peasants were expected to produce. He didn’t realise that the peasants didn’t have the correct methods or enough land to produce the correct amount of grain. If he hadn’t set such ambitious goals in the first place, the officials wouldn’t have had to lie to him to cover up his mistakes, so the majority of the scale of the famine should be placed on Mao’s agricultural policies.

Stem Cells And Its Effects On Society - 910 Words

Stem cells are unspecialized cell that can both reproduce itself indefinitely and, under appropriate conditions, differentiate into specialized cells of one or more types. (Reece, Jane B., and Lisa A. Urry, 2011.) The term â€Å"stem cells† were first seen in scientific literature in 1868, a German biologist Ernst Haeckel used this term to describe the fertilized egg that becomes an organism. On February 2, 1963 the firs piece of evidence of blood stem cells appear, Ernest McCulloch and James Till conducted experiments on the bone marrow of mine and observed that different blood cells come from a special class of cells. In 1981, pluripotent stem cells are obtained from embryos of mice and are the first embryonic stem cells ever to be isolated. In 1989, Mario Capecchi, Martin Evans, and Oliver Smithies created mice which are missing specific genes. They created the mice using embryonic stem cells and homologous recombination. In 2007, they were recognized by the Nobel Assembly because their experiment proved to be an irreplaceable piece of evidence to understand how various human disease such as diabetes and cancer develop. On November 6, 1998 the first batch of embryonic stem cells that originated from early embryos. Then eleven years later, President Obama signed an executive order to repeal some restrictions on human embryonic stem cells research funds. On July 4, 2009, the National Institutes of Health had to create new guidelines on federal funding for stem research.Show MoreRelatedStem Cells And Its Effects On Society909 Words   |  4 PagesStem cells are  unspecialized  cell that can both reproduce itself indefinitely and, under  proper  conditions, differentiate into specialized cells of one or more types.  (Reece, Jane B., and Lisa A.  Urry, 2011.) The term â€Å"stem cells† were first seen in scientific literature in 1868, a German biologist Ernst Haeckel used this term to describe the fertilized egg that becomes an organism . On February 2, 1963 the firs piece of evidence of blood stem cells  seem, Ernest McCulloch and James Till conductedRead MoreStem Cells : The Origin Of An Organism s Life Essay752 Words   |  4 PagesStem Cells â€Å"In the beginning, there is the stem cell; it is the origin of an organism s life. It is a single cell that can give rise to progeny that differentiate into any of the specialized cells of embryonic or adult tissues.† This is a very simple explanation of stem cells by Dr. Stewart Sell, a cancer researcher. Stem cells are more or less blank cells. They are identical cells that can adapt to specialized cell types. There are two types of stem cells according to the U.S. Department of HealthRead MoreThe Debate Over Embryonic Stem Cell Research852 Words   |  4 Pagesknowledge of stem cell research has already created the ability for doctors to print a functional organ just as easily as people can print a persuasive research essay. With great medical advancements comes great controversy. The main way researchers have been studying stem cells is by harvesting undifferentiated embryonic stem cells. Those who oppose embryonic stem cell research claim that stem cell harvesting d amages and kills the un-born embryo; however, because of advancements in the stem cell harvestingRead MoreStem Cell Research Should Be Continued For Many Reasons1303 Words   |  6 PagesStem cell research should be continued for many reasons. Stem cell research can help save tissues, organs, and brain cells, it also helps to cure diseases. Looking at the big picture, stem cells could one day save our lives. Stem Cells are multi- cellular putty from which all tissues of the body are made.they have three general properties,. Those being that they are capable of dividing and renewing themselves for long periods of time, they are unspecialized, and they give a rise to unspecializedRead MoreThroughout centuries, scientists have discovered new and improved ways of curing certain types of1500 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout centuries, scientists have discovered new and improved ways of curing certain types of diseases with medical treatments that continue to be discovered. When newly discovered, many treatments and cures are controversial. Immediately, society questions whether or not these medical practices are reliable, safe, and ethical procedures. Such as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), also known as â€Å"electroshock†, a medical procedure where patients who may be victims of schizophrenia or depressionRead MoreThe Medical Promise Of Embryonic Stem Cells1626 Words   |  7 Page sEmbryonic Stem Cells Why should people suffer from diabetes, Alzheimer’s, sickle cell anemia, leukemia, and plenty of other degenerative diseases while the cure lies in our hands? After James Thompson, a developmental biologist, reported that he had derived the first human embryonic stem cell line (Thomson), the potential of curing degenerative diseases was revealed. Ph.D. holder and deputy director of FDA’s office of Cellular, Tissue and Gene Therapies, Stephanie Simek, explains that stem cells are unspecializedRead MoreA Research Study On Stem Cell Research1665 Words   |  7 Pages Stem cells have advanced the way researchers look at curing what were once considered untreatable diseases. Modern technology has played a key role in the discovering of these stem cells and how they are used in the body. Many argue that the use of adult and embryonic cells is unethical and inhumane to society, however, there is one point taken into consideration when making that statement; if researchers could develop a cure for a disease that was affecting a family member of those who oppose itRead More A Look at Stem Cell Research Essay1424 Words   |  6 PagesA Look at Stem Cell Research Research in the development of stem cells has become increasingly popular over the past decade. The fascination in the study of stem cells by scientists comes from the mystery of what the essential properties are and how cells differ. With the discovery of determining how stem cells are self renewing and identifying what causes stem cells to become specialized leads to the ability to create more cell-based remedies as well as preventing birth defects, more preciseRead MoreStem Research On Stem Cell Research1747 Words   |  7 PagesKelly English 111-36 25 November 2014 Stem Cell Research Stem cell research has cultivated a new, miraculous study in the health field. The study has led to an increase in curing diseases over the past couple of decades. Before stem cell research, diseases were destroying and devastating lives continuously on end. With the use of stem cells in modern time, diseases are no longer taking control of lives. The innovation in biomedical technology, such as stem cell research, has greatly impacted the understandingRead MoreHematopoietic Stem Cells to Cure Leukemia980 Words   |  4 Pages Hematopoietic Stem Cells to Cure Leukemia Genetic Engineering consists in altering the DNA of a cell with the purpose of researching, as well as correcting genetic defects. (learn.genetics.edu) One of the human bodys cells has the ability to grow into any one of the bodys more than 200 cell types and this is called Stem Cells. They are not specialized and unlike mature cells, they can renew themselves and create new cells. Stem cells have a great potential, but extremely limited is the